BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bolter, Jay David. The Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext and the History of Writing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1991. Detailed and extensive study of writing technologies from manuscript culture, to the advent of print, to modern-day electronic writing. Examines new and old "writing spaces" (manuscript, book, computer); divided into three sections: "The Visual Writing Space," "The Conceptual Writing Space," and "The Mind as Writing Space." Argues that electronic writing is both radical and traditional because "it is mechanical and precise like printing, organic and evolutionary like handwriting...[but] on the other hand is fluid and dynamic to a greater degree than any previous technique."

Eisenstein, Elizabeth. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge UP, 1983. -- Abridged and highly readable version of her monumental study, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Details complex shifts from scribal to print culture; attributes the political, religious, and cultural tensions and developments of the early modern period to the advent of print, while placing it, rightly, within proper historical contexts.

Jardine, Lisa. Worldly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance. New York: Norton, 1996. -- Chapter two, "The Triumph of the Book," provides useful historical information on early attempts at print censorship, emphasizing their religious and political motivations, and discusses the cultural effects and implications of these early attempts to control the dissemination of knowledge.

Landow, George P. Hypertext 2.0. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1992.

- - -. The Digital Word: Text-based Computing in the Humanities. MIT Press, 1993.

Nunberg, Geoffrey, ed. The Future of the Book. University of California Press, 1996. -- Collection of conference essays addressing the topic of the future of the book in the electronic era. Notable contributors include Geoffrey Nunberg (also editor), George P. Landow, Jay David Bolter, and an afterword by Umberto Eco.

O'Donnell, James Joseph. Avatars of the Word: From Papyrus to Cyberspace. Harvard UP, 1998. -- Provides insightful "historical meditations" on developments in computer technology and how they reflect and are affected by similar transformations in the past (i.e., from scribal to print culture). Argues, very thoughtfully, that the challenge for us today is "to balance old models with new modes of behavior that exploit the possibilities of the old environment effectively without disorienting us so completely that we forget who we are."

Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen, 1982. -- Argues in Chapter four, "Writing Restructures Consciousness," that writing, print, and the computer are ways of "technologizing the word" and, more persuasively, that technologies are "not mere exterior aids but also interior transformations of consciousness."

Synder, Ilana and Michael Joyce, eds. Page to Screen: Taking Literacy into the Electronic Era. London: Routledge, 1998. -- Collection of essays on transitions and intersections between print and hypertext.